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	<title>Christina's Diabetes Blog</title>
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	<link>http://christinaondiabetes.com</link>
	<description>Living with Diabetes</description>
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		<title>Diabetes and 800lbs. +</title>
		<link>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/diabetes-and-800lbs/</link>
		<comments>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/diabetes-and-800lbs/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 May 2012 20:18:52 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Initial Thought When I read about this, all I thought of was Diabetes and all that it entails. Story There is this woman, Susanne Eman from Casa Grande Arizona, who is okay with being 800 pounds +. She wants to weigh even more because, get this, she is trying to become the fattest woman ever [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Initial Thought</strong></p>
<p>When I read about this, all I thought of was Diabetes and all that it entails.</p>
<p><strong>Story</strong></p>
<p>There is this woman, Susanne Eman from Casa Grande Arizona, who is okay with being 800 pounds +. She wants to weigh even more because, get this, she is trying to become the fattest woman ever trying to beat the record of Rosalie Bradford who hit 1200 pounds and died in 2006.  Of course, she wanted love to go along with this mental-insane coocooness so she went to internet dating I believe and found herself a man, Parker Clack who is a chef, of course, and they are allegedly getting married this summer. I&#8217;m not judging nor do I ever try to because I could care less about what choices people make except that they are healthy ones but who is the more crazy one and who is the desperate one? Which leads me to my Diabetes part of this.</p>
<p><strong>Body Thought</strong> <strong>and Mental Health</strong></p>
<p>This morbidly obese woman is asking or wanting to die and/or get one or more diseases such as Diabetes, heart failure, and more. If she doesn&#8217;t already, she will have Type 1 or more likely Type 2 Diabetes.  It seems like it might be a fast and quick down hill roller coaster from here to death (as long as she is okay with that) if she doesn&#8217;t seek help. In all, if nothing else, she is getting publicity for this and maybe that&#8217;s what she wants too because after all, she is trying to be the fattest woman in the nation or the world&#8230;? Not sure on that but I&#8217;m sure she is or will be.</p>
<p><strong>Final Thought</strong></p>
<p>Please, if you are obese, lose weight (if you want or can). If you are not obese, stay there.</p>
<p>Avoid Type 2 Diabetes by living a healthy lifestyle. Do your best. Conquer. Succeed.</p>
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		<title>Hormone from Fat Stem Cells Could Lower Blood Sugar &amp; Improve Metabolism by Feeding Muscles</title>
		<link>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/hormone-from-fat-stem-cells-could-lower-blood-sugar-improve-metabolism-by-feeding-muscles/</link>
		<comments>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/hormone-from-fat-stem-cells-could-lower-blood-sugar-improve-metabolism-by-feeding-muscles/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Apr 2012 20:04:16 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[This study and research is interesting. A little confusing but I think, I hope, I comprehended it right :-/.  Apparently, by using a hormone from fat stem cells and putting it in a diabetic&#8217;s body, it&#8217;s an alternative or &#8220;add-on&#8221;  for insulin as the scientists state. This hormone does the same job as insulin by [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This study and research is interesting. A little confusing but I think, I hope, I comprehended it right :-/.  Apparently, by using a hormone from fat stem cells and putting it in a diabetic&#8217;s body, it&#8217;s an alternative or &#8220;add-on&#8221;  for insulin as the scientists state. This hormone does the same job as insulin by sending glucose out of the bloodstream and into the muscle.</p>
<p>Side Note: That&#8217;s why they say you need to eat food or enough of it when you give insulin because the insulin has to &#8220;eat&#8221; the food up that is in you. If you don&#8217;t eat when you have active insulin in you, you either go low (have low blood sugar; BG) or you go high because it&#8217;s your body&#8217;s natural reaction for the liver to push out glucose from its emergency supply and bring your BG up.</p>
<p>So yes, your muscles need continuous glucose for you to function whether you are a diabetic or not but more so if you are a diabetic. This hormone from fat stem cells could lead to new treatment by keeping lower blood sugar (does this mean lower than what it should be or in range or in control; inconclusive) and improving metabolism (does this also mean <em>increase </em>metabolism because most of us want that; doesn&#8217;t say that though; inconclusive, insignificant) by feeding the body and essentially the muscles the hormone from fat stem cells.</p>
<p><strong>Therapeutic Promise of New Hormone for Lowering Blood Sugar</strong></p>
<p>from: medicalnewstoday.com</p>
<p>New evidence points to a hormone that leaves muscles gobbling up sugar  as if they can&#8217;t get enough. That factor, which can be coaxed out of fat stem cells, could lead to a new treatment to lower blood sugar and improve metabolism, according to a report in the April issue of <em>Cell Metabolism</em>, a Cell Press publication.</p>
<p>This new fat-derived hormone would appear to be a useful alternative or  add-on to insulin; it can do essentially the same job, sending glucose  out of the bloodstream and into muscle.</p>
<p>&#8220;It&#8217;s like you&#8217;ve opened the door and now the glucose can come in,&#8221; said  Jonathan Graff of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.</p>
<p>Graff&#8217;s team manipulated a key developmental pathway in the fat stem  cells of mice to find that the animals showed remarkably low blood sugar  levels. The animals&#8217; muscles were taking up glucose at two to four  times the usual rate thanks to an abundance of glucose transporters at  their surfaces. That discovery was all the more striking because the  animals also lacked fat stores, a condition known as lipodystrophy that  normally results in just the opposite: high blood sugar and Diabetes.</p>
<p>The mice could respond normally to insulin, but insulin surprisingly had  nothing to do with the muscles&#8217; unusual appetite for sugar. The source  for the change wasn&#8217;t anything inherently different in the muscle itself  either; it was something about those manipulated fat stem cells.</p>
<p>Further experiments revealed that the mouse muscles continued to take up  extra sugar when they were isolated in the lab and exposed to blood  serum. &#8220;It showed these effects were likely secondary to blood-borne  signals sent by the manipulated fat cell progenitors,&#8221; Graff says.</p>
<p>That signal can be generated only by fat stem cells, not mature fat  cells. When the researchers made the same developmental manipulation in  adult fat cells, they saw no such effect on blood sugar or muscle.</p>
<p>The findings highlight a new fat to muscle hormonal cue that would seem to have real therapeutic promise.</p>
<p>&#8220;If we can purify this factor and give it to people, there is potential  for its use to lower and help control blood sugar,&#8221; Graff says.  Alternatively, there might be a way to encourage fat stem cells in the  body to produce more of the anti-diabetic factor themselves.  <a name="ratethis"></a></p>
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		<title>Happy St. Patrick&#8217;s Day!</title>
		<link>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/happy-st-patricks-day/</link>
		<comments>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/happy-st-patricks-day/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 18 Mar 2012 01:24:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Hey Diabetics, Celebrate with all that is Green and Happy! Don&#8217;t get too drunk but get too happy, find a leprechaun and gold, and you&#8217;ll be set with all that folds, now get some love and sugar if you&#8217;re going low, because you don&#8217;t want to miss all the fun. Have a great day!]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hey Diabetics,</p>
<p>Celebrate with all that is Green and Happy!</p>
<p>Don&#8217;t get too drunk but get too happy,</p>
<p>find a leprechaun and gold,</p>
<p>and you&#8217;ll be set with all that folds,</p>
<p>now get some love and sugar if you&#8217;re going low,</p>
<p>because you don&#8217;t want to miss all the fun.</p>
<p>Have a great day!<a href="http://christinaondiabetes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/diabetes-gold.jpg"><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-531" title="diabetes gold" src="http://christinaondiabetes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/diabetes-gold.jpg" alt="" width="256" height="197" /></a></p>
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		<title>Good Foods and Info for Diabetes</title>
		<link>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/good-foods-and-info-for-diabetes/</link>
		<comments>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/good-foods-and-info-for-diabetes/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2012 19:42:00 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Food &#38; Fact                                                 Cinnamon,  Cayenne, Spices,  Avocado, Fish, Cider, soy, natural sugars, Vitamin D, E, and pretty much all other vitamins, minerals, solids, and fluids you need in your body. Any kind of food that is slow absorption and releases sugar slower to give energy for a longer period of time is beneficial. That&#8217;s why, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Food &amp; Fact                                                 <a href="http://christinaondiabetes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Diabetes-Pic.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-527" title="Diabetes Pic" src="http://christinaondiabetes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Diabetes-Pic-300x155.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="155" /></a><br />
</strong></p>
<p>Cinnamon,  Cayenne, Spices,  Avocado, Fish, Cider, soy, natural sugars, Vitamin D, E, and pretty much all other vitamins, minerals, solids, and fluids you need in your body. Any kind of food that is slow absorption and releases sugar slower to give energy for a longer period of time is beneficial. That&#8217;s why, good carbs, good calorie, fiber, protein are all good. The more natural straight from the earth, unrefined, unprocessed, organic, ungenetically-modified, the better the food is you consume. You need to care what you put into your body, where it comes from, and how it&#8217;s made.</p>
<p><strong>Consumption of White Food and Flour Products Linked to Diabetes</strong></p>
<p>by Shona Botes, naturalnews.com</p>
<p>For many people these days, the emphasis seems to be on eating foods  which look the nicest and which look appealing. Unfortunately, these  snow white and visually appealing foods come with a hefty price tag.  That price tag isn&#8217;t one that is measured in monetary terms, but rather  in terms of your health and wellbeing. An ingredient called alloxan,  which is found in products containing white flour, destroys the beta  cells in the pancreas by causing free radical damage to the DNA. This  puts you at a much higher risk of contracting diabetes.</p>
<p>White  food products become white because of the fact that all of their fiber,  minerals, and vitamins have been stripped from them. These refining  processes result in foods, which are actually empty calorie sources,  because they are left with no nutritional value in them. Eating these  refined food products has also been shown to increase the risk of heart  attacks by as much as 30%. Several studies have shown that people who  consume wholegrain and unprocessed food products have a 30% lower risk  of contracting heart disease than those who consume white food products.</p>
<p>Flour  used to make white bread and food products is chemically bleached with  substances like benzoyl peroxide, nitrosyl, oxide of nitrogen, chloride  and chlorine. These in turn have various chemical salts added to them to  enhance the bleaching process. Nutrients which are removed from the  flour during the bleaching process include Vitamin E, potassium,  phosphorus, copper, niacin, calcium, thiamin, pantothenic acid and  pyridoxine.</p>
<p>White rice experiences the same nutrient loss as  white flour when processed. Where brown rice is produced by simply  removing the grain husks, white rice is produced by removing the inner  husk as well. Once this is done, the grains are then polished with  glucose to enhance their visual appeal.</p>
<p>These processes result in  foods which have an extremely high GI (glycemic index) content. These  result in sugars being released into the bloodstream far more rapidly  than they should be. This causes blood sugar levels to spike and  releases more insulin into the bloodstream. This results in the pancreas  being overworked, which can result in diabetes.</p>
<p>White food  products also lead to an increase in LDL (bad) cholesterol in the  arteries. They also cause the metabolism to slow down, which results in  weight gain, especially around the stomach and waist areas. Their lack  of dietary fiber can also lead to constipation in more sensitive  individuals. Because the body is then not able to remove all of the  waste products it contains, it can then become more susceptible to other  diseases such as Crohn`s disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome and even  colon cancer.</p>
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		<title>Paula Deen and Type 2 Diabetes</title>
		<link>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/paula-deen-and-type-2-diabetes/</link>
		<comments>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/paula-deen-and-type-2-diabetes/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2012 19:16:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Celebrity Diabetics]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[HaHaHa Ok, this is just funny but in a way sad. All the news says she has had Type 2 Diabetes for three years now but didn&#8217;t tell the public and probably not even herself because she wasn&#8217;t treating, controlling, or taking charge of it. The only thing she apparently did was have gastric bypass [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>HaHaHa</strong></p>
<p>Ok, this is just funny but in a way sad. All the news says she has had Type 2 Diabetes for three years now but didn&#8217;t tell the public and probably not even herself because she wasn&#8217;t treating, controlling, or taking charge of it. The only thing she apparently did was have gastric bypass surgery in 02&#8242;.  We know she is a food lover, a chef you could say or at least food maker, and now as we know a Type 2 diabetic.</p>
<p><strong>Pros and cons, first time ever, where I&#8217;m blending them together because it&#8217;s good and bad at the same time.</strong></p>
<p>1. Paula Deen has become a paid spokesperson for the pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk. She also uses and takes the company&#8217;s diabetes medication called Victoza. She is collaborating with them on a website (will not name here) which offers recipes and information about the disease.</p>
<p>2. She is donating money to the American Diabetes Association, no response given why, could be the negative press, could be because it&#8217;s a nice thing to do and she wants to, and the amount is unknown.</p>
<p>3. She&#8217;s a distraction. The media storm surrounding the news  of her illness is exactly the sort of publicity bonanza the  pharmaceutical company must have dreamed of when it hired  Deen to be the spokesperson for its new marketing campaign.</p>
<p>4. Tragedy to opportunity all because she hasn&#8217;t taken care of her body and because she is rich. Why can&#8217;t this happen to a regular person? There are many of them out there who do actually and would love to receive money from a pharmaceutical company to do their advertising. I know, I know, it&#8217;s because people know her/famously known and already has a reputation with the public and people look to people like this a &#8220;role model&#8221;. She&#8217;s NOT a role model though, she&#8217;s just helping with the money part of things by giving to an organization and NOT helping by being greedy and receiving more money that she doesn&#8217;t need.</p>
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		<title>Artificial Pancreas Implanted in Diabetic man</title>
		<link>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/artificial-pancreas-implanted-in-diabetic-man/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2012 18:53:17 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Do or Don&#8217;t with Artificial Pancreas Ok, well, we&#8217;ve heard these stories before. It may be successful in the long run and may not. It&#8217;s the game of a toss-up. Obviously this man has had Diabetes for at least 30 years and unable to do anything for 7 years because of complications, sounds to me [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Do or Don&#8217;t with Artificial Pancreas </strong></p>
<p>Ok, well, we&#8217;ve heard these stories before. It may be successful in the long run and may not. It&#8217;s the game of a toss-up. Obviously this man has had Diabetes for at least 30 years and unable to do anything for 7 years because of complications, sounds to me probably because he hadn&#8217;t been taking control, but I&#8217;m not going to make assumptions, just saying. Therefore, he was on the list and on his last leg resorting to trying anything such as having a &#8220;fake&#8221; pancreas put in him.</p>
<p>Artificial Pancreas is Implanted in Diabetic: Medicine: Experiment is first in U.S. If successful, procedure may eliminate the need for insulin shots.</p>
<p>by Thomas H. Maugh II, Times science writer</p>
<p>Physicians at St. Vincent Medical Center announced Thursday that they  have begun the first U.S. human trials of an artificial pancreas that  they hope will someday free diabetics from the need for insulin  injections.</p>
<p>The artificial pancreas was implanted last week in the  abdomen of 38-year-old Steven Craig of Lake Isabella, who has been  diabetic for more than 30 years and has been unable to work for seven  years because of complications of the disease. It is the first of 20  such implants the hospital is planning during the next two years.</p>
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		<title>&#8220;Walk it Out&#8221; with Diabetes, even with ulcers</title>
		<link>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/walk-it-out-with-diabetes/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2012 18:42:45 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Get a move on! (if possible) Walking, running, jogging is great! Being a diabetic with poor circulation is no fun but the more you move around the better your body is at keeping warm or staying cool. For some people, though, their feet may not be in the greatest shape because of not taking care [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Get a move on! (if possible)</strong></p>
<p>Walking, running, jogging is great! Being a diabetic with poor circulation is no fun but the more you move around the better your body is at keeping warm or staying cool. For some people, though, their feet may not be in the greatest shape because of not taking care of or controlling their Diabetes or for other reasons. Yet, if you can, walking around and doing some sort of physical moving of your feet and legs can really help such as less cardiovascular issues, more stable-controlled blood sugar, and decreasing the risk of an ulcer.</p>
<p>Getting on Their Feet May Benefit Diabetics</p>
<p>by Jane E. Allen, Times staff writer</p>
<p>Patients with a history of diabetic foot ulcers long have been  advised to avoid weight-bearing exercise, because the extra pressure was  thought to increase their risk of developing or worsening these  hard-to-heal sores.</p>
<p>But a new study questions that advice.  Researchers found that diabetic patients who do more standing, walking  and other activity involving their feet have a decreased risk of  developing ulcers. Walking can help them better manage their blood sugar  levels and improve their cardiovascular health. And gradually  increasing activity probably protects foot tissues, the researchers  found.</p>
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		<title>Diabetes &amp; Dementia</title>
		<link>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/diabetes-dementia/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2012 18:32:20 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Keep Mind, Body Sharp With or Without Diabetes There are always ways to stay sharp, keep your mind sharp, and doing things that will stimulate your brain to think critically. Such as reading, learning and seeing new words, crosswords, soduku, math, science, and any analytical-critical-problem-solving skills and habits. It&#8217;s good for you mind, body, and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Keep Mind, Body Sharp With or Without Diabetes</strong></p>
<p>There are always ways to stay sharp, keep your mind sharp, and doing things that will stimulate your brain to think critically. Such as reading, learning and seeing new words, crosswords, soduku, math, science, and any analytical-critical-problem-solving skills and habits. It&#8217;s good for you mind, body, and soul. Of course, the better you take care of your body the less likely you&#8217;ll have problems. Be careful and conscious of what you put into your body everyday such as having a balanced diet and eating well most of the time. Controlling blood sugar is very very important. So don&#8217;t have sugar and carbohydrates (complex carbohydrates) all the time. Eat healthy carbohydrates and natural sugar and not a whole diet-eating-lifestyle like this. Again, keep balanced and moderate with everything you eat and do. I mean, yes, eating more vegetables and fruit more often is good while sustaining and getting plenty of exercise or physical exertion. Truly eating well and moving your body well everyday while maintaining emotional health, I can almost say, you can always have a lot of both. What you do now affects what you&#8217;ll be or do later in life and time.</p>
<p>By Shari Roan, Los Angeles Times</p>
<p>Looking at the Link Between Diabetes &amp; Dementia</p>
<p>Researches look at preventing memory disorders by controlling blood sugar now</p>
<p>Two of the most worrisome trends in healthcare — the soaring rates of  Type 2 diabetes and dementia — share several key biological processes.  And scientists are beginning to think that is more than just a  coincidence.</p>
<p>Many researchers now believe that proper control of  blood sugar could pay dividends in the future by reducing the number of  people stricken by Alzheimer&#8217;s disease, other forms of dementia and even  the normal cognitive decline that comes with age.</p>
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		<title>Bad Habits Cause Risk Factors Especially in Cardiovascular Area With Diabetes</title>
		<link>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/bad-habits-cause-risk-factors-especially-in-cardiovascular-area-with-diabetes/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2012 18:09:03 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[by Karen Kaplan, Los Angeles Times Smoking, Diabetes Increase Risk of Heart Attacks, Strokes, Death     They’re called “risk factors” for a reason – people with high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol and/or a smoking habit are much more likely to have heart attacks, strokes and other manifestations of cardiovascular disease, including death. A new study [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>by Karen Kaplan, Los Angeles Times</p>
<p>Smoking, Diabetes Increase Risk of Heart Attacks, Strokes, Death     <a href="http://christinaondiabetes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Heart.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-503" title="la-he-0207-heart-attack-signs" src="http://christinaondiabetes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Heart-300x180.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="180" /></a></p>
<p>They’re called “risk factors” for a reason – people with high blood  pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol and/or a smoking habit are much  more likely to have heart attacks, strokes and other manifestations of  cardiovascular disease, including death.</p>
<p>A new study coming out in Thursday’s edition of the New England Journal of Medicine  analyzed health data on more than 250,000 adults to confirm that those  who had any of these risk factors were in greater peril than those who  didn’t. The more risk factors a person had – and the more severe they  were – the greater the lifetime risk of a “cardiovascular event.” This  trend held for both men and women, and for both whites and blacks.</p>
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		<title>Gene Mutations Affecting Melatonin May Cause Type 2 Diabetes</title>
		<link>http://christinaondiabetes.com/2012/gene-mutations-affecting-melatonin-may-cause-type-2-diabetes/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 02:51:50 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[by everydayhealth.com Health News From MedPage Today Clock Gene Mutations Tick Toward Diabetes: To make up for the body&#8217;s loss of melatonin, receptor agonists may be beneficial for Type 2 Diabetes therapy. by Crystal Phend, reviewed by Zaiman S. Agus, MD Several rare genetic mutations affecting melatonin, the key circadian rhythm hormone, substantially boost Diabetes [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>by everydayhealth.com</p>
<p>Health News From MedPage Today</p>
<p><strong>Clock Gene Mutations Tick Toward Diabetes: To make up for the body&#8217;s loss of melatonin, receptor agonists may be beneficial for Type 2 Diabetes therapy. </strong></p>
<p>by Crystal Phend, reviewed by Zaiman S. Agus, MD</p>
<p>Several rare genetic mutations affecting melatonin, the key circadian rhythm hormone, substantially boost Diabetes risk, researchers found.Thirteen mutations that partially or completely shut down the receptor for melatonin, which regulates functions such as sleep and insulin release, were associated with 5.67-fold higher risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Philippe Froguel, MD, PhD, of Imperial College London, and colleagues discovered.</p>
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<p>Each of these loss-of-function variants occurred in less than 1 percent of the European-ancestry population studied, they reported online in <em>Nature Genetics</em>.</p>
<p>The mechanism may be loss of melatonin&#8217;s regulation of insulin secretion and circadian rhythm, the group suggested.</p>
<p>&#8220;Hence, melatonin receptor agonists which are currently prescribed for sleep and circadian rhythm disorders, as well as for depression may be beneficial for Type 2 Diabetes therapy,&#8221; they wrote.</p>
<p>Melatonin is mainly secreted from the pineal gland in a circadian pattern with higher levels being observed during the night, the authors explained.</p>
<p>Prior studies scanning the whole genome have uncovered several more common variants in the melatonin receptor gene, <em>MTNR1B</em>, but with much more modest effects that together explained less than 10 percent of Type 2 Diabetes heritability.</p>
<p>Numerous rare mutations with stronger functional effects, like those found in the current study, might go a long way toward explaining the other 90 percent of genetic susceptibility to the disease, the group suggested.</p>
<p>They sequenced <em>MTNR1B</em> exons in 7,632 unrelated individuals of European ancestry with known glycemic status, of whom 2,186 had Type 2 Diabetes.</p>
<p>Altogether 40 genetic variants emerged as linked to Type 2 Diabetes, including 36 very rare variants.</p>
<p>The four most common, with a frequency of at least 0.1 percent in the population, were not associated with a type 2 diabetes risk to any significant degree — the other &#8220;very rare&#8221; variants were, though, predicting a 3.31-fold elevated risk of the disease.</p>
<p>The researchers further narrowed down the link to only variants that led to partial or total loss-of-function in melatonin binding and signaling through the receptor.</p>
<p>Genotyping in a separate study of 11,854 additional individuals turned up 3.88-fold higher risk of Type 2 Diabetes in individuals with one of the four complete loss-of-function mutations.</p>
<p>The mutations that would partially block melatonin function showed a similar trend.</p>
<p>Testing the effect of these variants in human cell lines didn&#8217;t turn up fewer melatonin receptors on the surface of cells with any of the 40 mutations.</p>
<p>But capacity for melatonin binding varied substantially — fourfold for the strength of binding with most of the mutations compared with wild-type variants and 10-fold for the number of binding sites.</p>
<p>&#8220;This study establishes a firm functional link between <em>MTNR1B</em> and Type 2 Diabetes risk,&#8221; the investigators concluded.</p>
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